Thursday, April 11, 2013

North Carolina reptile and exotic pet show | Pet Expert

most of them were captive bred, I do not support selling? of wild caught animals at all. As long as a responsible owner buys the animals I?m happy, because there are worse homes for them and irresponsible owners and uneducated kids who buy them cheap and let them die. Once they?re at a show its too late to let them free or any nonsense like that. By the way it?s ?bred? not ?breeded?. Stop making up words, and im sure the animals are happy to not go home with you.

Source: http://petexpert.org/?p=2633

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Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Charles Barkley Tight Shirt Photo Entertains Internet

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/04/charles-barkley-tight-shirt-photo-entertains-internet/

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South Korean island in North's crosshairs

For six decades, the residents of South Korea?s Baengnyeong Island have practically stared down the barrels of North Korea?s artillery. Located just 10 miles off the North?s Yellow Sea coast, this South Korean island is at the forefront of what some observers say could be the next military flashpoint.

Now, amid the recent uptick in bombast from Pyongyang, the regime has singled out the island for a possible attack. And, even as much of the rest of South Korea seems to remain unphased by the North?s rhetoric, South Koreans here are taking the recent threats seriously, if calmly.

?North Korea?s recent aggression, the fact that it does not recognize the maritime border in those waters, and South Korea?s pledge to respond to any provocation with force increases the likelihood of an incident in this area,? says Yang Moo-jin, a North Korea analyst at Seoul?s Dongguk University.

RECOMMENDED: Kim 101: How well do you know North Korea's leaders?

If the North made good on its promise, it would be the latest in a series of battles around South Korea?s five Yellow Sea islands. Even during times of relative calm on the Korean peninsula, the navies of both nations have engaged in deadly skirmishes. In 2010, a South Korean naval ship sank not far off Baengnyeong?s shore: The South later determined it was struck by a North Korean torpedo, resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors. And later that year, neighboring Yeongpyeong Island was shelled by the North?s military, killing four South Korean soldiers and civilians.

That incident hit close to home for many of Baengnyeong?s 5,500 residents. Since then, new fortifications on the island have been built, and South Korea?s military has bolstered its presence there. Officials on the island estimate that troop numbers now hover around 4,000, but the actual total is a military secret.

The island is prepared, says Kim Jin-guk, who heads Baengnyeong?s Civil Defense Force.

?Many of the locals say they feel safe because we have close to 90 bomb shelters on the island and we have a large number of soldiers and marines stationed here," Mr. Kim says. ?This might make Baengnyeong Island more safe than some other parts of the mainland.?

Last month, Pyongyang?s official Korea Central News Agency reported that North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un ordered troops on a military base just across the sea from Baengnyeong to take aim at the island if war breaks out with the South and "engulf the island with flames." The Civil Defense Force?s Kim says despite that directive, residents remain calm and, to his knowledge, no one has fled the island.

?I trust that the military would protect us,? says Park Dong-sik, the owner of a hotel on Baengnyeong Island. ?The situation is very tense, but I would never leave the island because of North Korea?s threats.?

While Pyongyang escalates the belligerence of its daily diatribes directed at Seoul and Washington, most South Koreans remain unmoved by the rhetoric. Some observers say this apathy is a coping mechanism.

?It?s a part of their psyche,? says analyst Jasper Kim. ?You either ignore the noise from North Korea, or you simply go crazy.?

North Koreans attend a rally held to gather their willingness for a victory in a possible war against the United States and South Korea in Nampo, North Korea, April 3, 2013 in this picture released by... more? North Koreans attend a rally held to gather their willingness for a victory in a possible war against the United States and South Korea in Nampo, North Korea, April 3, 2013 in this picture released by the North's official KCNA news agency in Pyongyang on Wednesday. REUTERS/KCNA (NORTH KOREA - Tags: POLITICS MILITARY) ATTENTION EDITORS - THIS PICTURE WAS PROVIDED BY A THIRD PARTY. REUTERS IS UNABLE TO INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE AUTHENTICITY, CONTENT, LOCATION OR DATE OF THIS IMAGE. THIS PICTURE IS DISTRIBUTED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED BY REUTERS, AS A RVICE TO CLIENTS. NO THIRD PARTY SALES. NOT FOR USE BY REUTERS THIRD PARTY DISTRIBUTORS less? ?

Mr. Kim, who heads the Asia-Pacific Global Research group in Seoul, says that Koreans have always lived in range of the North?s guns, but have had little choice but to accept the reality of the situation no matter how grave it might seem.

?It?s like living next to a nuclear power plant, you know that there is a small likelihood that something could go terribly wrong, but you don?t want to question it on a daily basis, because then you start questioning why you are there in the first place,? Kim says.

Still, the barrage of threats might be taking its toll on Baengnyeong?s residents, where tourism, the island's main source of income, is down. For some, like Lee Hwan-sun, the heightened tensions in the Yellow Sea means he cannot earn a living.

?I used to take my fishing boat out about five minutes from the port,? he says. ?But now, because of the situation here, I wouldn?t dare go out that far.?

?We?re scared of Kim Jong-un, he?s unpredictable, he?s worse than his father,? says one local woman in her 70s, who did not want to give her name.

Though most South Koreans are not panicking, there are signs that they are growing tired of the North?s rhetoric. Since the 2010 incidents, the South Korean government has faced criticism for not reacting more strongly to such incidents. That has prompted new President Park Geun-hye to give the Ministry of Defense carte blanche in the event of another North Korean military provocation. This in turn increases the probability of the current war of words turning into a firefight, says analyst Kim.

?They [the South Korean government] have created a broad definition of what a provocation is from North Korea,? Kim says. ?Something very small could demand a military countermeasure by the other side and that?s where problems can arise.?

RECOMMENDED: Kim 101: How well do you know North Korea's leaders?

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-threat-one-island-taking-kim-jong-145700493.html

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Time for a Plan B for Vikings stadium financing? (Star Tribune)

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Get What You Want, Not Just What You Need - Telecom Customer ...

There is a famous Rolling Stones song that contains the line ?You can?t always get what you want, but if you try sometimes, you get what you need.? When looking at that line in the context of telecom customer service delivery, it seems to be the credo of most carriers these days ? especially when you add the word ?barely?. Yes, budgets are tight and staffing levels are low. Business customers can understand that, but that does not mean they have to accept poor customer service.

In today?s marketplace, there are more choices and options than ever before. Unfortunately, that does not seem to have fully registered with all the telecom providers. Many still operate in the mindset of ?this is how it is? when it comes to servicing the customer. Rigid and tangled processes, some still driven from painful regulatory chokeholds, are used as an excuse to not change how they support their customers. The question is ? what can we do about it?

Get What You Want From Telecom Customer Service: Avoid Sticker Shopping ?

Stop buying like we always have. Stop buying on up front price alone. What do we mean by ?up front price?? Simply stated, it is the price listed at the bottom of your bill. We need to start looking at a bigger picture and applying that to our buying decisions, much like we do when we buy consumer goods. If you buy an automobile on sticker value alone, not taking into consideration things like consumer ratings, needed amenities, and use purpose, you will not be happy with your overall purchase and experience. If you buy taking all of these things into account, the ?up front price? becomes a less determining factor. Don?t get me wrong, price is important. Negotiating a good deal is paramount to the end result, but should not be the single most validating bullet point when making your decision.

Get What You Want From Telecom Customer Service: Understand Your Top 3 Business Requirements

Business decision makers need to determine, and take into consideration, the top 3 things that are bottom line important to their business needs. To some, it may be reliability, security and diversity. Others may look at scalability of their overall network plan, service location availability, and disaster recovery options. Whatever those top 3 things are, they should be the determining factor in the direction you take when choosing a telecommunication provider. The top 3 should always be addressed first and foremost when discussing contract options, service and support levels, and yes, price. A decision framework?will help evaluation from a?quantitative?and qualitative approach.

Get What You Want From Telecom Customer Service: Require On-going Sales and Service Delivery Accountability

Once you have shopped a couple of carriers/ providers based on needs vs. wants, and communicated clearly what your business requirements are, sit down with the potential teams and outline an expected service delivery plan. Detail out, in writing, what the expected response times will be for the following:

  • Price quotes
  • Contract review
  • Move, Add, Change, Disconnect Orders (MACD)
  • Repair
  • SLA monitoring
  • Billing issues

Clarify which parts of the support arrangement are proactive vs. reactive. What specifically will they do for you? What won?t they do for you? Request deliverables. If anyone will not commit to this type of activity, it is pretty telling that they will most likely not commit to supporting you in the manner discussed before the contract was signed.

Get What You Want From Telecom Customer Service: The Results

As I said, there is enough competition out there for businesses to demand what they want, not just let carriers tell them they need. The key to making that happen is engaging in experienced, knowledgeable, up-front negotiation based on the factors above, not just the ?up front price?. Signing (or re-signing) on the dotted line should always be the reward of a providers commitment to an on-going partnership of mutually agreed upon?deliverables.? That gets the results that are wanted, needed, and deserved.

How can you achieve total happiness with your entire telecom environment? Here?s how!?The Pursuit of Telecom Happiness ? and Effectiveness

Melanie Mortensen is a recognized expert in telecommunications thought leadership and Service Delivery Manager for?Renodis Telecom Management.
?

Source: http://www.renodis.com/telecom-outsourcing-blog/get-what-you-want-not-just-what-you-barely-need-from-telecom-customer-service/

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Old murders probed in case of alleged cross-country killer

LOS ANGELES (AP) ? When Los Angeles cold case detectives caught up with Samuel Little this past fall, he was living in a Christian shelter in Kentucky, his latest arrest a few months earlier for alleged possession of a crack pipe. But the LA investigators wanted him on far more serious charges: The slayings of two women in 1989, both found strangled and nude below the waist ? victims of what police concluded had been sexually motivated strangulations.

Little's name came up, police said, after DNA evidence collected at old crime scenes matched samples of his stored in a criminal database. After detectives say they found yet another match, a third murder charge was soon added against Little.

Now, as the 72-year-old former boxer and transient awaits trial in Los Angeles, authorities in numerous jurisdictions in California, Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, Georgia, Mississippi and Ohio are scouring their own cold case files for possible ties to Little. One old murder case, in Pascagoula, Miss., already has been reopened. DNA results are pending in some others.

Little's more than 100-page rap sheet details crimes in 24 states spread over 56 years ? mostly assault, burglary, armed robbery, shoplifting and drug violations. In that time, authorities say incredulously, he served less than 10 years in prison.

But Los Angeles detectives allege he was also a serial killer, who traveled the country preying on prostitutes, drug addicts and troubled women.

They assert Little often delivered a knockout punch to women and then proceeded to strangle them while masturbating, dumping the bodies and soon after leaving town. Their investigation has turned up a number of cases in which he was a suspect or convicted.

Police are using those old cases ? and tracking down surviving victims ? to help build their own against Little.

"We see a pattern, and the pattern matches what he's got away with in the past," said LAPD Detective Mitzi Roberts.

Little has pleaded not guilty in the three LA slayings, and in interviews with detectives after his September arrest he described his police record as "dismissed, not guilty, dismissed."

"I just be in the wrong place at the wrong time with people," he said, according to an interview transcript reviewed by The Associated Press.

Still, as more details emerge, so do more questions. Among them: How did someone with so many encounters with the law, suspected by prosecutors and police officers of killing for decades, manage to escape serious jail time?

"It's the craziest rap sheet I've ever seen," said Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney Beth Silverman, who has worked many serial killer cold cases. "The fact that he hasn't spent a more significant period of his life (in custody) is a shocking thing. He's gotten break after break after break."

Deputy Public Defender Michael Pentz, who represents Little, declined to comment.

Authorities have pieced together a 24-page timeline tracking Little's activity across the country since his birth. His rap sheet has helped them pinpoint his location sometimes on a monthly basis. Law enforcement agencies are now cross-referencing that timeline with cold case slayings in their states.

The Florida Department of Law Enforcement is leading a review of that state's unsolved murders and helping coordinate the effort among 12 jurisdictions. The department published an intelligence bulletin alerting authorities in Florida, Alabama and Georgia about Little's case, noting he lived in the area on and off in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.

"We strongly encouraged them to look at any unresolved homicides that they had during those time frames and then consider him as a potential suspect," said Jeff Fortier, a special agent supervisor at the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. The department is re-examining DNA evidence in about 15 cases that was collected before advances in forensic science allowed for thorough analysis, Fortier said.

"We are in the infancy stages of what we expect will be a protracted investigation," he said.

In Mississippi, Pascagoula cold case Detective Darren Versiga is re-investigating the killing of Melinda LaPree, a 22-year-old prostitute found strangled in 1982. Little had been arrested in that crime but never indicted, Versiga said. The detective has tracked down old witnesses and is working to reconstruct the case file because much of it was washed away during Hurricane Katrina.

Little, who often went by the name Samuel McDowell, grew up with his grandmother in Lorain, Ohio. His rap sheet shows his first arrest at age 16 on burglary charges. After serving time in a youth authority he was released and, months later, arrested again for breaking and entering.

In an hour- and 15-minute interview with Los Angeles detectives, Little spoke openly about his past and his time in the penitentiary, where he started boxing as a middleweight against the other inmates. "I used to be a prizefighter," he said.

In his late 20s, Little went to live with his mother in Florida and worked at the Dade County Department of Sanitation and, later, at a cemetery. Soon, he began traveling more widely and had more run-ins with the law; between 1971 and 1974 Little was arrested in eight states for crimes that included armed robbery, rape, theft, solicitation of a prostitute, shoplifting, DUI, aggravated assault on a police officer and fraud.

"I've been in and out of the penitentiary," he told the California officers.

"Well, for what?" a detective asked, to which Little responded: "Shoplifting and, uh, petty thefts and stuff."

Then came the 911 call of Sept. 11, 1976, in Sunset Hills, Mo.

Pamela Kay Smith was banging on the back door of a home, crying for help, naked below the waist with her hands bound behind her back with electrical cord and cloth. Smith, who was a drug addict, told officers that she was picked up by Little in St. Louis. She said he choked her from behind with electrical cord, forced her into his car, beat her unconscious, then drove to Sunset Hills and raped her.

Officers found Little, then 36, still seated in his car near the home where Smith sought refuge, with her jewelry and clothing inside. Little denied raping Smith, telling officers: "I only beat her." The case summary was recalled in court papers filed by prosecutors in Los Angeles.

Little was found guilty of assault with the intent to ravish-rape and was sentenced to three months in county jail. Pascagoula Detective Versiga, who reviewed the Smith case, believes Little may have pleaded to a lesser charge and received a shorter sentence because of the victim's lifestyle. The case file refers to Smith as a heroin addict who often failed to appear in court.

After that, the charges against Little grew more serious.

In Pascagoula, LaPree went missing in September 1982 after getting into a wood-paneled station wagon with a man witnesses later identified as Little. A month later her remains were found, and Little was arrested in her killing and the assault of two other prostitutes. Versiga believes grand jurors failed to indict in part because of the difficulty in determining a precise time of death but also because of credibility problems due to the victim and witnesses working as prostitutes.

Little, nevertheless, remained in custody and was extradited to Florida to be tried in the case of another slain woman.

Patricia Ann Mount, 26 and mentally disabled, was found dead in the fall of 1982 in rural Forest Grove, Fla., near Gainesville. Eyewitnesses described last seeing her leaving a beer tavern with a man identified as Little in a wood-paneled station wagon.

According to The Gainesville Sun's coverage of the trial, a fiber analyst testified that hairs found on Mount's clothes "had the same characteristics as head hairs taken from" Little. But when cross-examined the analyst said "it was also possible for hairs to be transferred if two people bumped together."

A jury acquitted Little in January 1984.

By October 1984, Little was back in custody ? this time in San Diego, accused in the attempted murder of two prostitutes who were kidnapped a month apart, driven to the same abandoned dirt lot, assaulted and choked. The first woman was left unconscious on a pile of trash but survived, according to court records. Patrol officers discovered Little in a car with the second woman and arrested him.

The two cases were tried jointly, but the jury failed to reach a verdict. Little later pleaded guilty to lesser charges of assault with great bodily injury and false imprisonment. He served about 2.5 years on a four-year sentence and, in February 1987, he was released on parole.

As he told the LA detectives in his interview, Little then moved to Los Angeles, where three more women were soon discovered dead: Carol Alford, 41, found on July 13, 1987; Audrey Nelson, 35, found on Aug. 14, 1989; and Guadalupe Apodaca, 46, found on Sept. 3, 1989. All were manually strangled.

It is for those slayings that Little now stands charged. No trial date has been set, though Little is due back in court this month for a procedural hearing. If convicted, Little would face a minimum of life in prison without parole, though prosecutors said they may seek the death penalty.

When the case landed on Detective Roberts' desk, she had no idea it would grow from two local cold case slayings to a cross-country probe into the past of a man with some 75 arrests. As she studied her suspect, Roberts also began calling agencies that had dealt with Little most recently.

He had been arrested on May 1, 2012, by sheriff's deputies in Lake Charles, La., for possession of a crack pipe and released with an upcoming court date. At Roberts' request, deputies tried finding him but came up empty. Then last September deputies called with a hit tracing an ATM purchase by Little to a Louisville, Ky., minimart. Within hours he was found at a nearby shelter.

In his interview with police, Little said he didn't recognize the slain LA women. Detectives said that DNA collected from semen on upper body clothing or from fingernail scrapings connect him to the crimes.

Roberts and others who've investigated Little through the years said some cases may not have gone forward because DNA testing wasn't available until the mid-1980s and, even when it was, wouldn't have been useful in these cases unless authorities tested clothing, fingernails or body swabs. Due to this perpetrator's particular modus operandi, DNA wouldn't necessarily be found through standard rape kit collection.

Even in those cases that did go to trial, they said, jurors may have found the victims less credible because of their backgrounds, and the witnesses ? often prostitutes ? in some cases disappeared. Because Little was also a transient, Roberts said: "I don't think he stuck in a lot of peoples' minds much."

"But what's different now, we're just not going to allow that to happen," she said. "I think we owe it to the victims. I think we owe it to the families."

Tony Zambrano was 17 when he learned his mother, Guadalupe Apodaca, was killed after going out for a drink one night.

"My brother told me she left, she went to go have a couple beers, and never came home," he recalls. Soon after he learned of her slaying.

For years Zambrano tried to find out what happened to his mother. When Roberts called him following Little's arrest, he was grateful. But he's also upset.

"My mom shouldn't really be dead now. For all those charges in San Diego, who gets four years?" Zambrano said. "This thing ain't over for a long shot."

___

Abdollah can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/latams

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/cold-case-arrest-prompts-cross-country-probe-175509452.html

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Tuesday, April 9, 2013

Topless protest riles Putin

By Alexei Anishchuk and Andreas Rinke

HANOVER, Germany (Reuters) - Russian President Vladimir Putin laughed off a protest against him by topless women in Germany on Monday, joking that he liked what he had seen while sharply rebuffing German criticism of his human rights record.

Three members of the women's rights group Femen, which has staged protests against Russia's detention of the feminist punk band Pussy Riot around Europe, disrupted his visit to a trade fair in the German city of Hanover focusing on Russian business.

They stripped to the waist and shouted slogans calling the Russian leader a "dictator" before being covered up and bundled away by security men.

"Regarding this performance, I liked it," grinned Putin at a joint news conference with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, adding that it had helped to promote the trade fair though he suggested that the security men could have been "gentler".

"I did not catch what they were shouting, I did not even see if they were blondes, brunettes or chestnut-haired ... I don't see anything terrible in (the protest), though I think ... it is better to be dressed if one wants to discuss political matters."

Earlier, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov accused the protesters of "hooliganism" and said they should be punished.

Merkel, who grew up in communist East Germany, said people in a free society had the right to protest.

Putin and Merkel, who also held talks in Hanover on Sunday, want to further boost booming economic ties but the German leader also repeated her concerns about human rights in Russia after raids by Russian authorities on German and other non-governmental organizations based in the country.

A new law on NGOs requires them to register as "foreign agents" if they have foreign funding and are deemed to be involved in politics, something many prominent groups have refused to do on the grounds that they are not acting on behalf of other nations and are not trying to influence Russian politics.

For many, the term evokes Soviet-era oppression and Cold War espionage.

NGOS "FREE" TO OPERATE

Putin, a former KGB agent who worked in East Germany in the 1980s and speaks fluent German, denied that the Kremlin was trying to muzzle the NGOs and said Moscow just wanted to monitor the amounts of foreign funding coming into Russia.

"All our actions are connected not with closing and forbidding (foreign-funded NGOs in Russia), but with monitoring financial flows that go to non-governmental Russian organizations which are involved in internal political activity, and this money comes from outside of the country," he said.

"Regarding the freedom of work of these organizations, it is not limited at all. They only have to register."

Putin said nearly 1 billion dollars had flowed to Russian NGOs in just four months since Moscow approved the new law - a figure swiftly queried by NGOs in Moscow.

"The talk of $1 billion is a lie," Pavel Chikov, the head of Agora, a Russian legal aid NGO, said on Twitter.

Merkel reiterated her government's criticism of the clampdown on NGOs, which have included several German foundations.

"This is about NGOs being able to work well and freely ... A lively civil society can only emerge when individuals can operate without fear or worry, of course on the basis of law," Merkel said.

The German chancellor added: "For Germany, Russia is an important strategic partner. We have the most intensive contacts that we would like to continue."

(Additional reporting by Steve Gutterman in Moscow; Writing by Gareth Jones; Editing by Alison Williams)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/kremlin-urges-germany-punish-topless-protest-against-putin-091629416.html

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EE to double 4G spectrum allocation, boost speeds in first ten cities by summer (Update: LTE-A testing starts this year)

EE plans to double 4G spectrum allocation, will boost first ten cities by summer

While EE scrambles to spread its LTE network far and wide before the other UK carriers get into the 4G business, it also wants to flex some spectrum muscle. The network's announced it's planning to double the LTE allocation on its 1800MHz band (from 2 x 10MHz to 2 x 20MHz), which it claims will increase download speeds to an average of 20 Mbps, topping out at 80 Mbps. Ten of the 11 original 4G launch cities will be seeing this bandwidth boost first: London, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester and Sheffield. EE doesn't want you to think it's done expanding, though, and says it'll continue to make use of its MHz and GHz by rolling out boring, normal LTE in new areas whilst doubling up in others. The first ten cities are due to receive "double-speed" 4G by summer, which we assume means around the time summer is supposed to happen.

Update: EE's Howard Jones has added on Twitter that the network will start trialing carrier aggregation, LTE-A (that's even better 4G) later in 2013. We've asked for more details and will fill you in when we hear more.

[Image credit: Lazygamer, Flickr]

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/T52f_DOyL2E/

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Kerry meets Israeli leaders to push Mideast peace

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, right, meets with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in the West Bank city of Ramallah, Sunday, April, 7, 2013. (AP Photo / Mohamed Torokman)

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, right, meets with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in the West Bank city of Ramallah, Sunday, April, 7, 2013. (AP Photo / Mohamed Torokman)

(AP) ? U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry is looking to breathe new life into dormant Mideast peace talks in meetings Monday with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and other senior Israeli and Palestinian officials, amid talk of modifying a decade-old Arab plan that's long been greeted with skepticism by the Jewish state.

A day after meeting one-on-one with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, Kerry spent the morning of Israel's Holocaust memorial day at Yad Vashem, laying down a red, white and blue wreath at the nation's official monument for the 6 million Jews murdered during World War II. He met privately Monday with Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad and Israeli President Shimon Peres before a dinner with Netanyahu and other Israeli officials.

Kerry said he believed peace was possible.

"I wouldn't be back here for my multiple-whatever-umpteenth trip here as a senator and secretary, and for my third trip to the region as a secretary already," he told staff at the U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem. "I believe that if we can get on a track where people are working in good faith to address the bottom-line concerns, it is possible to be able to make progress and make peace."

Kerry is trying to end a 4?-year stalemate between the Israelis and Palestinians during which they've hardly negotiated peace at all. Making his third trip to the region in a period of two weeks, he has yet to outline any new plan but U.S. officials say he is exploring several ideas to try to corral both sides back into direct talks.

Palestinian and Arab officials have pointed to one idea in particular: An attempt to revive, with modifications, the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative that offered a comprehensive peace with Israel for a pullout from territories captured in the 1967 Mideast war.

The officials say Kerry is seeking greater Arab-Israeli security commitments and softer language on borders as part of the plan.

But key obstacles remain. Israel has not softened its objections and the Palestinians say they turned down a request from Kerry for the proposed changes.

Kerry "welcomes efforts to enhance the constructive role the Arab Peace Initiative can play moving forward," a senior State Department official said, while denying that he was proposing changes to the plan. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because of Kerry's orders not to brief reporters.

The Arab initiative, revolutionary when it was introduced by Saudi Arabia's then crown prince, King Abdullah, was later endorsed by the 22-member Arab League at a summit in Beirut. However, it was overshadowed by fierce Israeli-Palestinian fighting at the time and never won Israel's support. The Arab League re-endorsed the offer in 2007 and technically it remains in effect.

In the 1967 war, Israel took control of the West Bank, east Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Sinai and Golan Heights. Israeli returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1982 in the framework of a peace treaty and pulled out of Gaza unilaterally in 2005. Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981 and peace talks with Syria over the territory have repeatedly failed.

Israeli-Palestinian peace talks have been deadlocked since late 2008, in large part over the issue of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and east Jerusalem. The Palestinians refuse to talk while Israel settles its population on the occupied territories where they want to establish their state. They have demanded that Israel accept the 1967 lines as the basis for a future Palestine, but Netanyahu rejects a return to the 1967 lines and calls for talks with no preconditions.

Abbas spokesman, Nabil Abu Rdeneh, said the Palestinian leader called for a solution based on the 1967 lines in his Sunday meeting with Kerry. He did not say whether the Arab peace initiative was discussed but confirmed Abbas was leaving Monday for talks on the plan at an Arab League meeting in Qatar.

There, a special committee will hold an "urgent meeting" on the subject Monday, said Mohammed Subeih, the Arab League's undersecretary for Palestinian affairs. Qatar's prime minister will chair it and the foreign ministers of key countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the Palestinians will participate.

Subeih said the committee would form a delegation led by Arab League chief Nabil El-Araby and the Qatari prime minister to travel to Washington in the coming weeks with the goal of drawing a new roadmap to "end Israeli occupation."

The chief Palestinian negotiator, Saeb Erekat, said Kerry has been floating the Arab initiative as a possible way out of the deadlock.

Officials say Kerry has proposed two small changes to make it more palatable to Israel. He wants language saying the 1967 lines can be modified through mutual agreement and providing stronger security guarantees.

But Erekat said the plan could not be changed.

"Kerry asked us to change a few words in the Arab Peace Initiative but we refused," he told the Voice of Palestine radio station on Sunday.

Israeli officials refused to comment on the matter.

Israel has rejected a return to the 1967 lines for both security and spiritual reasons, arguing that the frontiers are indefensible and would mean a withdrawal from east Jerusalem, home to the city's holiest Jewish, Muslim and Christian religious sites. In the past, however, Netanyahu has described the peace initiative as a welcome sign of acceptance from the Arab world while refusing to accept its conditions.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2013-04-08-Kerry-Mideast/id-65908de398f14f8182728fe220d7c7a9

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Monday, April 8, 2013

Taping of farm cruelty is becoming the crime

On one covert video, farm workers illegally burn the ankles of Tennessee walking horses with chemicals. Another captures workers in Wyoming punching and kicking pigs and flinging piglets into the air. And at one of the country?s largest egg suppliers, a video shows hens caged alongside rotting bird corpses, while workers burn and snap off the beaks of young chicks.

Each video ? all shot in the last two years by undercover animal rights activists ? drew a swift response: Federal prosecutors in Tennessee charged the horse trainer and other workers, who have pleaded guilty, with violating the Horse Protection Act. Local authorities in Wyoming charged nine farm employees with cruelty to animals. And the egg supplier, which operates in Iowa and other states, lost one of its biggest customers, McDonald?s, which said the video played a part in its decision.

But a dozen or so state legislatures have had a different reaction: They proposed or enacted bills that would make it illegal to covertly videotape livestock farms, or apply for a job at one without disclosing ties to animal rights groups. They have also drafted measures to require such videos to be given to the authorities almost immediately, which activists say would thwart any meaningful undercover investigation of large factory farms.

Critics call them ?Ag-Gag? bills.

Some of the legislation appears inspired by the American Legislative Exchange Council, a business advocacy group with hundreds of state representatives from farm states as members. The group creates model bills, drafted by lobbyists and lawmakers, that in the past have included such things as ?stand your ground? gun laws and tighter voter identification rules.

One of the group?s model bills, ?The Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act,? prohibits filming or taking pictures on livestock farms to ?defame the facility or its owner.? Violators would be placed on a ?terrorist registry.?

Officials from the group did not respond to a request for comment.

Animal rights activists say they have not seen legislation that would require them to register as terrorists, but they say other measures ? including laws passed last year in Iowa, Utah and Missouri ? make it nearly impossible to produce similar undercover expos?s. Some groups say that they have curtailed activism in those states.

?It definitely has had a chilling effect on our ability to conduct undercover investigations,? said Vandhana Bala, general counsel for Mercy for Animals, which has shot many videos, including the egg-farm investigation in 2011. (McDonald?s said that video showed ?disturbing and completely unacceptable? behavior, but that none of the online clips were from the Iowa farm that supplied its eggs. Ms. Bala, though, said that some video showing bird carcasses in cages did come from that facility.)

The American Farm Bureau Federation, which lobbies for the agricultural and meat industries, criticized the mistreatment seen on some videos. But the group cautions that some methods represent best practices endorsed by animal-care experts.

The videos may seem troubling to someone unfamiliar with farming, said Kelli Ludlum, the group?s director of Congressional relations, but they can be like seeing open-heart surgery for the first time.

?They could be performing a perfect procedure, but you would consider it abhorrent that they were cutting a person open,? she said.

In coming weeks, Indiana and Tennessee are expected to vote on similar measures, while states from California to Pennsylvania continue to debate them.

Opponents have scored some recent victories, as a handful of bills have died, including those in New Mexico and New Hampshire. In Wyoming, the legislation stalled after loud opposition from animal rights advocates, including Bob Barker, former host of ?The Price is Right.?

In Indiana, an expansive bill became one of the most controversial of the state legislative session, drawing heated opposition from labor groups and the state press association, which said the measure violated the First Amendment.

After numerous constitutional objections, the bill was redrafted and will be unveiled Monday, said Greg Steuerwald, a Republican state representative and chairman of the Judiciary Committee.

The new bill would require job applicants to disclose material information or face criminal penalties, a provision that opponents say would prevent undercover operatives from obtaining employment. And employees who do something beyond the scope of their jobs could be charged with criminal trespass.

An employee who took a video on a livestock farm with his phone and gave it to someone else would ?probably? run afoul of the proposed law, Mr. Steuerwald said. The bill will apply not just to farms, but to all employers, he added.

Nancy J. Guyott, the president of the Indiana chapter of the A.F.L.-C.I.O., said she feared that the legislation would punish whistle-blowers.

Nationally, animal rights advocates fear that they will lose a valuable tool that fills the void of what they say is weak or nonexistent regulation.

Livestock companies say that their businesses have suffered financially from unfair videos that are less about protecting animals than persuading consumers to stop eating meat.

Don Lehe, a Republican state representative from a rural district in Indiana, said online videos can cast farmers in a false light and give them little opportunity to correct the record.

?That property owner is essentially guilty before they had the chance to address the issue,? Mr. Lehe said.

As for whistle-blowers, advocates for the meat industry say that they are protected from prosecution by provisions in some bills that give them 24 to 48 hours to turn over videos to legal authorities.

?If an abuse has occurred and they have evidence of it, why are they holding on to it?? said Dale Moore, executive director of public policy for the American Farm Bureau Federation.

But animal rights groups say investigations take months to complete.

Undercover workers cannot document a pattern of abuse, gather enough evidence to force a government investigation and determine whether managers condone the abuse within one to two days, said Matt Dominguez, who works on farm animal protection at the Humane Society of the United States.

?Instead of working to prevent future abuses, the factory farms want to silence them,? he said. ?What they really want is for the whistle to be blown on the whistle-blower.?

The Humane Society was responsible for a number of undercover investigations, including the videos of the Wyoming pig farm and the Tennessee walking horses.

Video shot in 2011 showed workers dripping caustic chemicals onto the horses? ankles and clasping metal chains onto the injured tissue. This illegal and excruciating technique, known as ?soring,? forces the horse to thrust its front legs forward after every painful step to exaggerate the distinctive high-stepping gait favored by breeders. The video also showed a worker hitting a horse in the head with a large piece of wood.

The Humane Society first voluntarily turned over the video to law enforcement. By the time the video was publicly disclosed, federal prosecutors had filed charges. A week later, they announced guilty pleas from the horse trainer and other workers.

Prosecutors later credited the Humane Society with prompting the federal investigation and establishing ?evidence instrumental to the case.?

That aid to prosecutors shows the importance of lengthy undercover investigations that would be prevented by laws requiring video to be turned over within one or two days, Mr. Dominguez said.

?At the first sign of animal cruelty, we?d have to pull our investigator out, and we wouldn?t be able to build a case that leads to charges.?

This article, "Taping of farm cruelty is becoming the crime," first appeared in The New York Times.

Copyright ? 2013 The New York Times

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/653351/s/2a6ecfe4/l/0L0Snbcnews0N0Cbusiness0Ctaping0Efarm0Ecruelty0Ebecoming0Ecrime0E1B9251810A/story01.htm

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Jenna Jameson: Arrested For Battery

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/04/jenna-jameson-arrested-for-battery/

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Sunday, April 7, 2013

Earth Day, Camping and Archery: Family Events in Three Rivers Parks

Information provided by Three Rivers Park District.

Walk with a Naturalist

Sunday, April 21, from 1-2 p.m., at Silverwood Park, St. Anthony. Take a guided walk along Silverwood?s trails. Come every month to experience how the park and its animal residents change throughout the year. Bring binoculars if you have them. Stay after to take part in our monthly Let?s Get StARTed activity. This program is free and open to all ages.

Celebrate Earth Day!

Sunday, April 21, from 2-4 p.m., at?Richardson Nature Center, in Hyland Lake Park Reserve, Bloomington. Celebrate Earth Day outdoors. Catch pond critters with a net, bring rubber boots to muck in the pond, and play in the Off-Trail Nature Exploration Area.? Also, explore exhibits inside the nature center, view birds at the feeders, and meet our captive raptors. This program is free and open to all ages.

Let?s Get StARTed: Think Summer Camp!

Sunday, April 21, from 1-3 p.m., at Silverwood Park, St. Anthony. Enjoy free art activities. During this special edition of Let?s Get StARTed, check out what nature-inspired art day camps are planned for 2013. Experience the park, meet the staff, and try your hand at a few art activities.? Art educators will be available to answer questions about camps, necessary skill levels, and art projects involved with their camps. This is a free drop-in program. This program is free and open to all ages.?

Free Family Fun Day: Story Walking: One Dog Canoe

Sunday, April 21, from 1-3 p.m., at Kroening Interpretive Center, in North Mississippi Regional Park, Minneapolis. Walk the trails and uncover the pages of ?One Dog Canoe,? by Mary Casanova, as you go. Complete the trail and complete the story. Learn about each of the animals that scramble, bound and leap into the canoe. Co-sponsored by Friends of Webber Park Library. Drop in anytime. This program is free and open to all ages.?

Feeding Frenzy

Sunday, April 21, from 1-3 p.m., at Eastman Nature Center, in Elm Creek Park Reserve, Dayton. Look on as the salamanders snack, toad and turtles taste, and frogs feed. Watch the snacking snakes. Different animals will be fed throughout the afternoon. Bring a camera for up-close photos. Drop in anytime. This program is free and open to all ages.?

Camping Skills

Sunday, April 21, from 1-4 p.m., at French Regional Park, Plymouth. Learn the backwoods camping essentials, including necessary gear, selecting a campsite, and pitching a water-tight tent. You will practice fire starting, help prepare a simple meal and learn to hang a bear bag. All equipment is provided. Cost is $12 and reservations are required. Call 763-559-6700 to make a reservation and reference activity number #224911-04. This program is for ages 9+.?

Spring into Farming

Saturday, April 27, from 10 a.m.-3 p.m., at Gale Woods Farm, Minnetrista. Ongoing. Celebrate spring and new life on the farm. Meet farm animals and their babies. Get your hands dirty, taste a farm-fresh treat, make a wool craft, and play farm games. Farm-raised concessions are available for an additional fee. Cost is $5 and this program is for ages 2+.?

Family Archery

Saturday, April 27, from 10 a.m.-noon, at Carver Park Reserve, Victoria. Learn the basics of shooting safely and accurately with skilled instructors. Use a Matthews Genesis compound bow to shoot at stationary targets and try shooting from an elevated platform. All equipment is provided. Cost is $7 and reservations are required. Call 763-559-6700 to make a reservation and reference activity number #221511-00. This program is for ages 9+.?

?

Source: http://minnetonka.patch.com/articles/earth-day-camping-and-archery-family-events-in-three-rivers-parks

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Saturday, April 6, 2013

10 States Making The Most On Beer: 24/7 Wall St.

24/7 Wall St.:

Most states rely on a relatively small number of industries for much their employment and economic activity. The industries that come to mind are auto manufacturing, defense, government, financial services and agriculture.

As it turns out, the brewing and wholesaling of beer can be added to the list for several states, including Colorado and Missouri. This beer economy can thrive in the United States because there are so many beer drinkers ? 6.38 billion gallons of beer were consumed in America in 2011, which is roughly equivalent to the amount of milk consumed that year.

Read the whole story at 24/7 Wall St.

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/06/10-states-making-the-most_n_3029829.html

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Watch this smart foam chair 'grow' and unpack itself

Watch this smart foam chair that 'grows like popcorn'

Sometimes we dream. We dream of a world with no more flat-pack furniture, no more obtuse construction manuals and no more missing screws. Smart foam tech might get us closer to those admittedly small-time dreams. Using cross links within the foam's particle arrangement, regardless of how much the structure is compressed, it'll spring back to the predesigned shape. Designer Carl de Smet adds that the product would expand at a set temperature getting a little doughy in the middle, then more solid at room temperature.

He also demonstrates another smart foam structure which changes when a current is fed through it. Electricity provides the heat that transforms the rolled-up structure into a flat one, with the current experimental version taking around five minutes to completely settle. Commercial products which are apparently only about a year to 18 months away and as de Smet details in the video, could land on store shelves in a compacted rolled-up form for "unpacking" back home. These early examples can even be adjusted, if for some reason you suddenly decide you wanted a coffee table, not a chair. Sit back and see how it literally unfolds after the break.

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Source: BBC News

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/kXuWmf0j1qI/

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'The Great Gatsby' trailer features new plot points, music

'The Great Gatsby' is directed by Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio as the titular character. 'The Great Gatsby' is scheduled for a May 10 release.

By Molly Driscoll,?Staff Writer / April 5, 2013

'The Great Gatsby' stars Leonardo DiCaprio.

Lee Jin-man/AP

Enlarge

A new trailer for director Baz Luhrmann?s adaptation of ?The Great Gatsby? showcased more of its music and showed a few pivotal events from the book?s plot.?

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Actor Joel Edgerton, who plays Tom Buchanan, husband of Daisy (Carey Mulligan), got more of a showcase in the new series of clips, especially at the beginning of the trailer. The trailer starts with Tom questioning the identity of Jay Gatsby (Leonardo DiCaprio).

?Mr. Gatsby,? Edgerton says, ?I?d like to know, exactly who are you, anyhow? Can?t you see who this guy is?? he asks his wife. ?His house, his parties, his fancy clothes.? He then addresses Gatsby. ?We were born different from you. It?s in our blood. Nothing that you do or dream up could ever change that.?

Gatsby snaps and yells, ?Shut up!?

The new trailer also includes more voiceover from Tobey Maguire, who portrays the book?s narrator, Nick Carraway.

?I had the uneasy feeling that he was guarding secrets,? Maguire says of Gatsby at one point.

Glimpsed briefly in the trailer are a few pivotal moments in the story, including what looks like Myrtle Wilson (Isla Fisher) being hit by a car and what appears to be George Wilson (Jason Clarke) with a gun.?

The new trailer features several songs, including ?Young & Beautiful? by Lana Del Rey, artists Andre 3000 and Beyonce (whose husband Jay-Z is scoring the film) covering the Amy Winehouse hit ?Back to Black,? and a Florence + The Machine song titled ?Over The Love? which includes references to ?green light? (undoubtedly a reference to the dock light at the end of the Buchanan property which serves as a symbol of Daisy to Gatsby).?

?The Great Gatsby? was originally scheduled to come out this past December but is now slated for a May 10 release.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/Iz2kTOM9bQs/The-Great-Gatsby-trailer-features-new-plot-points-music

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ECB "ready to act" on rates as economy languishes

By Sakari Suoninen

FRANKFURT (Reuters) - The European Central Bank expects a gradual economic recovery later this year but will monitor incoming data very closely and is ready to cut interest rates if necessary, its president said on Thursday.

Addressing a news conference after the ECB held rates at a record low 0.75 percent, the highest level among the world's major central banks, Mario Draghi said discussion at the monthly meeting had been extensive and the consensus was to hold fire.

But he added that the ECB stood "ready to act" because there was no certainty that the euro zone economy would pick up.

"In the coming weeks, we will monitor very closely all the incoming information on economic and monetary developments, and assess the impact on the outlook for price stability," he said.

Draghi's predecessor, Jean-Claude Trichet, used a stock of coded phrases to signal future policy actions something his successor has not previously indulged in. One of those phrases was "monitor very closely" although in the Frenchman's era it more often presaged an interest rate rise two months' hence.

German government bond and euro zone interest rate futures extended gains with market participants saying Draghi's comments laid the ground for a rate cut in coming months.

"In a nutshell, a rate cut or additional non-standard measures cannot be ruled out in May," said Annalisa Piazza at Newedge Strategy.

The ECB is mandated to deliver inflation just below 2 percent. In March, it fell to 1.7 percent.

A survey released earlier on Thursday showed the euro zone's economic decline dragged on unabated in March, marked by a huge drop in French business activity that outstripped even the downturns in Spain and Italy.

"Weak economic activity has extended into the early part of the year and a gradual recovery is projected for the second half of the year subject to downside risks," Draghi said.

As the world recovers from the financial crisis, the ECB has lent less support to the economy than its peers in Japan, the United States and Britain, which have launched massive asset purchase programs with new money and cut rates closer to zero.

ECLIPSED BY JAPAN

The Bank of Japan went a step further on Thursday. Its new governor, Haruhiko Kuroda, shocked markets with a radical overhaul of its policymaking, adopting a new balance sheet target and pledging to double its government bond holdings in two years as it seeks to end nearly two decades of deflation.

Japan is intent on pushing inflation higher, lifting the country out of decades of deflation and minimal growth. The scope of the changes drove the yen lower and knocked the 10-year bond yield to its lowest in a decade.

A number of countries, particularly emerging economies, have already complained about policies which drive currencies lower, threatening a destabilizing race to the bottom.

The ECB is unlikely to pursue a similar path, although a stronger euro is the last thing a recession-mired economy requires.

"Our exchange rate is not a policy target. Our exchange rate is important for growth and price stability," Draghi said.

German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble said Tokyo could not count on central bank actions alone to boost its economy and must carry through with structural reforms.

Earlier this week, ECB Executive Board member Benoit Coeure warned against countries directly pursuing competitive devaluations, especially if other central banks had limited room for maneuver.

After early signs of stabilization in the euro zone economy at the start of the year, March marked a set back as Cyprus narrowly escaped a financial meltdown by securing a last-minute bailout and Italy struggled to end a post-election deadlock.

Euro zone economic sentiment fell after four months of gains and surveys showed manufacturing across the bloc fell deeper into decline.

The ECB's main worry is that its low rates are not reaching households and firms in the euro zone periphery, mainly because banks' funding costs in crisis stricken countries are higher than those in the core countries, pushing up loan costs.

This affects small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in particular as they have few alternatives to bank funding.

Draghi stressed that the Cyprus bailout -- involving losses imposed on richer bank depositors -- was not a template for future rescues as others have suggested.

(Additional reporting by Paul Carrel, Eva Kuehnen and Swaha Pattanaik. Writing by Mike Peacock, editing by Jeremy Gaunt.)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ecb-seen-hold-markets-look-signs-later-cut-075542502--business.html

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Friday, April 5, 2013

Hepatitis A virus discovered to cloak itself in membranes hijacked from infected cells

Hepatitis A virus discovered to cloak itself in membranes hijacked from infected cells [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 4-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: William Davis
william_davis@med.unc.edu
919-966-5905
University of North Carolina Health Care

CHAPEL HILL, N.C Viruses have historically been classified into one of two types those with an outer lipid-containing envelope and those without an envelope. For the first time, researchers at the University of North Carolina have discovered that hepatitis A virus, a common cause of enterically-transmitted hepatitis, takes on characteristics of both virus types depending on whether it is in a host or in the environment.

"The whole universe of virology is divided into two types of viruses viruses that are enveloped and viruses that are not enveloped. If you look at any basic virology textbook, it will say that these are categories that distinguish all viruses," said lead researcher Stanley M. Lemon, MD, professor of medicine and a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Translational Immunology.

In a paper published online in Nature on March 31, Dr. Lemon's team discovered that hepatitis A virus does not have an envelope when found in the environment, but acquires one from the cells that it grows in within the liver. It circulates in the blood completely cloaked in these membranes.

"What we have discovered is that a virus that has been classically considered to be 'non-enveloped', that is hepatitis A virus, actually hijacks membranes from the cells it grows in to wrap itself in an envelope. It steals membranes from the cell, as it leaves the cell, to cloak itself in this envelope that then protects it from antibodies. And that's really novel. No one has shown that previously for a virus. It really blurs that classic distinction between these two types of viruses," said Dr. Lemon.

Being enveloped in host membranes helps the virus to evade host immune systems and spread within the liver. Enveloped viruses are generally quite fragile in the environment, while non-enveloped viruses are hardier outside of a host and can survive for longer periods between hosts. Dr. Lemon believes the dual nature of hepatitis A virus allows it to use the advantages of both virus types to enhance its survivability.

"What hepatitis A virus has done, and we don't totally understand how it has accomplished this, is to have the advantage of existing as a virus with no envelope and being very stable in the environment so it can be transmitted efficiently between people, but to wrap itself in a membrane to evade neutralizing antibodies and facilitate its spread within the host once it has infected a person," said Lemon. While no other virus has been shown to exhibit this particular behavior, Dr. Lemon said that it is likely that hepatitis A virus is not unique in its dual nature.

Hepatitis A is endemic in developing nations that lack modern sanitation and clean water. The virus is transmitted orally and then passed back into the environment through feces. By not needing its envelope to survive outside the host, the virus gains the ability of non-enveloped viruses to survive longer and be transmitted efficiently.

One major question raised by the finding is why the hepatitis A vaccine works so well to contain the infection. The vaccine, one of the most effective in use, was thought to elicit neutralizing antibodies that attack the virus in the blood. Since it is now known that the envelope surrounding the virus in the blood prevents this, the vaccine cannot work as previously thought.

"It makes us rethink completely the mechanism underlying the well-documented efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine. I think this is one of the most important things to come out of the study," said Dr. Lemon.

The research at UNC was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Future studies will investigate the mechanisms behind the vaccine's effectiveness, Dr. Lemon said. While it was previously thought that vaccine-induced antibodies attacked the virus outside of the cell, the new findings suggest antibodies may actually be able to restrict viral replication within a cell.

"Understanding how this really good vaccine works will help us in the future to develop better vaccines for other viruses that we are having difficulty developing vaccines for," said Dr. Lemon.

###


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Hepatitis A virus discovered to cloak itself in membranes hijacked from infected cells [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 4-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: William Davis
william_davis@med.unc.edu
919-966-5905
University of North Carolina Health Care

CHAPEL HILL, N.C Viruses have historically been classified into one of two types those with an outer lipid-containing envelope and those without an envelope. For the first time, researchers at the University of North Carolina have discovered that hepatitis A virus, a common cause of enterically-transmitted hepatitis, takes on characteristics of both virus types depending on whether it is in a host or in the environment.

"The whole universe of virology is divided into two types of viruses viruses that are enveloped and viruses that are not enveloped. If you look at any basic virology textbook, it will say that these are categories that distinguish all viruses," said lead researcher Stanley M. Lemon, MD, professor of medicine and a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Translational Immunology.

In a paper published online in Nature on March 31, Dr. Lemon's team discovered that hepatitis A virus does not have an envelope when found in the environment, but acquires one from the cells that it grows in within the liver. It circulates in the blood completely cloaked in these membranes.

"What we have discovered is that a virus that has been classically considered to be 'non-enveloped', that is hepatitis A virus, actually hijacks membranes from the cells it grows in to wrap itself in an envelope. It steals membranes from the cell, as it leaves the cell, to cloak itself in this envelope that then protects it from antibodies. And that's really novel. No one has shown that previously for a virus. It really blurs that classic distinction between these two types of viruses," said Dr. Lemon.

Being enveloped in host membranes helps the virus to evade host immune systems and spread within the liver. Enveloped viruses are generally quite fragile in the environment, while non-enveloped viruses are hardier outside of a host and can survive for longer periods between hosts. Dr. Lemon believes the dual nature of hepatitis A virus allows it to use the advantages of both virus types to enhance its survivability.

"What hepatitis A virus has done, and we don't totally understand how it has accomplished this, is to have the advantage of existing as a virus with no envelope and being very stable in the environment so it can be transmitted efficiently between people, but to wrap itself in a membrane to evade neutralizing antibodies and facilitate its spread within the host once it has infected a person," said Lemon. While no other virus has been shown to exhibit this particular behavior, Dr. Lemon said that it is likely that hepatitis A virus is not unique in its dual nature.

Hepatitis A is endemic in developing nations that lack modern sanitation and clean water. The virus is transmitted orally and then passed back into the environment through feces. By not needing its envelope to survive outside the host, the virus gains the ability of non-enveloped viruses to survive longer and be transmitted efficiently.

One major question raised by the finding is why the hepatitis A vaccine works so well to contain the infection. The vaccine, one of the most effective in use, was thought to elicit neutralizing antibodies that attack the virus in the blood. Since it is now known that the envelope surrounding the virus in the blood prevents this, the vaccine cannot work as previously thought.

"It makes us rethink completely the mechanism underlying the well-documented efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine. I think this is one of the most important things to come out of the study," said Dr. Lemon.

The research at UNC was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Future studies will investigate the mechanisms behind the vaccine's effectiveness, Dr. Lemon said. While it was previously thought that vaccine-induced antibodies attacked the virus outside of the cell, the new findings suggest antibodies may actually be able to restrict viral replication within a cell.

"Understanding how this really good vaccine works will help us in the future to develop better vaccines for other viruses that we are having difficulty developing vaccines for," said Dr. Lemon.

###


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/uonc-hav040413.php

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